There was little violence after the acquittal of
Trayvon Martin's
killer last July.
Peace prevailed when at least four other unarmed black males were
killed by police in recent months, from New York to Los Angeles.
Then
Michael Brown was gunned down in Ferguson, Missouri.
And waves of rioting have convulsed the St. Louis suburb for more
than 10 days.
Why Ferguson?
The response to Brown's death turned violent because of a
convergence of factors, observers say, including the stark nature of
the
killing in broad daylight, an aggressive police response to
protests, a mainly black city being run by white officials--and the
cumulative effect of
killing after killing after killing of unarmed
black males.
"People are tired of it," said Kevin Powell, president
of the BK Nation advocacy group, who organized peaceful protests
after the Florida
neighborhood watchman George Zimmerman was found
innocent in Martin's killing.
Powell is headed to Ferguson as an organizer and peace activist
after the killing of Brown, the unarmed black 18-year-old who was
shot by white police officer Darren Wilson.
Battles have raged in Ferguson almost nightly, with stores
looted, police firing tear gas and rubber bullets, people tossing
Molotov cocktails, and dozens of arrests.
When police first confronted protesters with
armored military
vehicles, assault weapons and dogs, it reminded Powell of images
from the 1960s civil rights movement.
"Just a reckless disregard for the safety of the community
they're supposed to be protecting," he said.
"They just don't care.
It feels like they don't care at
all."
"Zimmerman was one person.
This is an
entire police force.
It feels like the
whole system doesn't care."
It is not all that unusual for an unarmed black person to be
killed by police.
There are no reliable national statistics on people of any race
killed by police, but anecdotal reports count significant numbers.
One study, relying on Internet searches of media reports, found
18 unarmed black people killed by police and security personnel in
the first three months of 2012, including
Trayvon Martin.
On July 17, Eric Garner was killed by a chokehold after an arrest
for illegally selling loose cigarettes in New York City.
On Aug. 5, John Crawford III was killed while handling a toy gun
in a Wal-Mart outside Dayton, Ohio.
On Aug. 11, Ezell Ford, a mentally disabled man, was shot dead in
South Los Angeles.
The circumstances of each case are different, of course, and
investigations continue.
Brown was killed Aug. 9.
The riots erupted Aug. 10, when more than two dozen businesses
were damaged and looted.
Some of the rioters, according to media reports, are hardened,
violent young men who speak of seeking "justice," which is
often confused with revenge.
Some are coming to Ferguson from out of town, whether to show
solidarity or fight the crackdown, or possibly drawn to the media
spectacle.
Police have reported arrests of people from New York and
California.
"It feels like a turning point," said Blair L.M.
Kelley, a history professor at North Carolina State University.
"I think because so many black men die at the hands of the
state."
Kelley and Powell both said that the nature of Brown's killing
fueled anger.
He was shot at least six times in broad daylight, in the middle
of the street, in his own housing complex.
Then
his body lay in the street for hours, uncovered, in a pool
of blood, before being taken away.
"There were more than 100 people there looking at his body,"
Kelley said.
She mentioned the killings of Jonathan Ferrell, an unarmed black
man who was shot by a white officer after crashing his car in
Charlotte, North Carolina, last September, and the black woman,
Renisha McBride, who crashed her car in Detroit, went to a nearby
house, and was shot dead through the front door.
"Those happened at nighttime, away from the public gaze,"
Kelley said.
"To leave Brown in the street like that, it was a disregard
they could feel and taste and see."
The last riots over an unarmed black death were in 2009, when
Oscar Grant was killed by a white officer while lying face down on a
train platform in Oakland, California.
Hundreds of businesses were damaged, cars were overturned and
smashed, and more than 100 people were arrested.
Similar circumstances led to unrest in Cincinnati in 2001 and in
St. Petersburg, Florida, in 1996.
One of America's worst race riots ever was in 1992 in Los
Angeles, after the acquittal of four white officers who beat the
black motorist Rodney King.
And people in many cities rioted against racial oppression during
the turmoil of the 1960s.